Depression
Depression (Major Depressive Disorder) is a common but serious mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. It affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities such as sleeping, eating, and working. Depression is not a sign of weakness — it is a medical condition with biological, psychological, and social components that responds well to professional treatment.
Symptoms
Causes
- Brain chemistry imbalances (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
- Genetic predisposition (family history increases risk)
- Traumatic or stressful life events
- Medical conditions (thyroid disorders, chronic illness)
- Certain medications (steroids, blood pressure drugs)
- Substance abuse (alcohol, drugs)
- Hormonal changes (postpartum, menopause)
- Social isolation and lack of support
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a thorough psychiatric evaluation including detailed history, mental status examination, and sometimes blood tests to rule out medical causes (thyroid function, vitamin deficiencies). The doctor will assess symptoms using standardized criteria (DSM-5) and rating scales (PHQ-9, Hamilton Rating Scale). At least 5 symptoms must be present for 2 or more weeks for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder.
Treatment Options
When to Seek Help
Seek professional help if you experience persistent low mood for more than 2 weeks, if depression interferes with your daily life, work, or relationships, if you have thoughts of self-harm or suicide, or if you notice changes in sleep, appetite, or energy that don't improve. Early treatment leads to better outcomes.